Figure 1. (A) Macroautophagy (autophagy) is an intracellular degradation pathway. (B) We aim to IntroductionMacroautophagy (referred to as autophagy hereafter) is a process that captures cellular components such as protein aggregates and damaged organelles and delivers them to the lysosome/vacuole for degradation. Autophagy requires the coordinated actions of around 20 core autophagy-related (ATG) genes. These genes are broadly conserved in different eukaryotic groups, but (with some notable exceptions) mostly absent from prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) 1). Because prokaryotes also lack organelles and membrane trafficking that are necessary for autophagy, the autophagy pathway is thought to have first emerged in the common ancestor of eukaryotes (Figure 1A). However, what this ancestral system was like, and how it evolved over time towards the extant system, are unclear.understand the timing and effect of gene duplication on the evolution of the autophagy pathway.Zhang Sidi2024. 4 ～ 2025. 3Noboru Mizushima, ProfessorGraduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo― 270 ―Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the autophagy pathway in the light of evolution: reconstruction and characterization of the ancestral autophagy systems in eukaryotes
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